Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 - All articles

Article 1.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2.

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3.

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4.

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5.

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6.

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7.

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8.

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 10.

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11.

(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.

(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article 12.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13.

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.

(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14.

(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15.

(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16.

(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 17.

(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18.

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article 19.

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21.

(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.

(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.

(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article 22.

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

Article 23.

(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.

(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.

(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.

(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24.

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25.

(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26.

(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27.

(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 28.

Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29.

(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.

(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

(3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 30.

Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

Fees Hike in management education

Hike in fees charged for providing management education seems to be the new buzzword. Last year some IIM's had upped the fees to aorund 10 Lakhs for the two year course. IIM Kolkata has announced rise in fees to around 9-9.5 L.

The trend seems to have percolated to the next level too. Narsee Monjee is all set to hike the fees to " atleast 8 Lakhs" in the words of the admission office !

When i told my mom about this trend, she was shell shocked. Her first reaction was,families like ours would never be able to afford MBA. This simply echoed my own thoughts. For me it seems impossible for a candidate like me to do MBA. I couldn't even think of doing engineering because at that time we couldn't even afford that. For that prime reason i took up commerce. Commerce stream was offering the cheapest courses. Later after post graduation i took up a part-time management course offered by Mumbai University. I had to drop out after first year as i couldn't even afford the 2nd year fees of Rs 15 k.

For the current fees of MBA(2007-09) in Narsee Monjee which is around 3.5 L for 2 years, i had to run from pillar to post. MY loan application was rejected by all banks applied to. My cousin gave me the money at the last minute and hence i could do MBA. 8 -9 lakhs for education is simply not within my range.

2 years ago HRD ministry had tried to take over control of the IIM management board to thrust OBC quota down the country's throat. The intention was serpentine. And i was revolted. But now it seems that the government needs to step in. If not for reduction of fees, atleast for making sure that the deserving candidates do get loan for pursuing higher education. If not, MBA will become the domain of the deserving candidates of the well-to-do & rich class only. There is then a fundamental flaw in the system, because education has always been the only hope for the rest of the classes to get out of the circle of deprivation. If that is snatched away from us, then we will lose our only hope.

Download Hindi Fonts

Krutidev & Walkman chanakya fonts - Hindi fonts
these are generally used to design hindi newspapers

Download :

krutidev 180 & walkman chanakya (901,905 and other variants) zip file

How to install the fonts?

unzip

go to "control panel" --- fonts-- file---install new fonts

When u click a dialog box will open -- browse to the unzipped folder---all fonts will be seen --- select one or all and install !!

Mind Structure

I love Sigmund Freud's work. His work in the realms of the human mind and personality is mindblowing. He had once famously said, " I was the only worker in a new field." And that explains the challenges before him.

For him, nothing was ever accidental. Even a slip of tongue was enough to gain insight into the mind of a person because it reflects the working of the unconscious mind. Say a patient tells his doctor inadvertently, "please do not give me any more bills" instead of "pills", it shows the patient to be financially stressed. Similarly, our repressed sexual, aggressive and other tendencies make their way out through jokes and sarcasms.

He said that human personality- including its emotions and strivings-arose due to a conflict between our aggressive pleasure-seeking biological impulses and the social restraints against them.

Our mind is like an iceberg. As we know, 90% of the mass of the iceberg is under water & only 10 % above it. Our conscious awareness is that part of the iceberg which floats above the surface. Below the surface is the much larger unconscious region which contains thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories of which we are largely unaware. For instance, a child below 18 months loves to suck a finger. I have seen parents commanding harshly to remove the finger or simply removing the finger from the mouth themselves. They repeat it till the child loses that habit. However, a conflict has arisen. Children who never quite resolve this conflict have a great chance of becoming"orally-fixated" in their adult life. They might continue to seek oral gratification through smoking or excessive eating. Or they might exhibit passive dependence like that of a nursing infant.

I have drawn an image to describe the mind functioning.

The conflicts which we were talking about, revolve around three interacting systems. In simple words:

Id - pleasure principle - makes the mind seek instant gratification.

Ego - Reality principle - seeks to satisfy Id's impulses in a realistic way. ( for instance, a sexually starved person might feel like having sex with someone. However, ego contains and restrains by showing the real-life demands of the external world. So instead of forcing someone, the person chooses to find a consenting partner. This person might be a prostitute or a life partner or just some consenting person)

Superego- It is a voice of conscience that forces the ego to consider not only the real but also the ideal. (In the above example of the sexually starved person, he/she might consider a prostitute as not-ideal according to the value system/culture. Instead, that person might wait for a life partner to gratify sexual needs.)

A few days back, i was coming home from dombivli station. It was around 9.30 pm. In front of me, a person was partly walking and partly swaying under the influence of alcohol. In such an inebriated stage, our real nature seeks to come out. In front of us there was an unmanned cart full of apples. Now, this man immediately stole one apple and hid it behind his back and kept walking. The vendor saw this and came running and confronted him. The man immediately gaave up the apple and went forward. I hurried to see what he would do next. As soon as he saw a bend, he went into it and then started running, looking back all the time. I followed too. He then went into some society compund and hid there for some time. When he felt safe, he came out.

In an inebriated state, the id became dominant. He lost sight of the real world and the ideal world. Theft was not his main motive though. If theft had been his innermost desire, he wouldn't have given up the apple so easily. His desire was of thrill. Thrill of doing something naughty like a child. When he was caught, he didn't quite comprehend what was happening though he very obediently returned the apple. However in a few seconds he had some inkling of the reality. His ego and superego woke up to make him run and hide. He felt scared maybe because of the fear of being beaten. He became aware enough to protect himself.

I am reminded of another incident. This was in 1999. I was traveling from Pilani to Delhi by bus at night. There was a bus driver and a companion who was supposed to be a backup driver. He was fully drunk and swinging to the tunes of "chamma chamma". I hadn't got a seat and so i was sitting in the driver's area on the cross seat. He couldn't be brought under control at all. However, his Id was the only dominant energy here. So he could uninhibitedly do whatever he felt like doing.The same is the case with any child.It startes crying when it wants something. As the ego develops, the young child begins to cope with the real world.Well, in the morning when he came back to his senses, i told him of his behaviour thoughout the night. He couldn't believe his ears at all !!

The superego's demands often oppose the Id's and the ego struggles to reconcile the two.

Railway employee to the rescue

I have seen people always cribbing about the inefficiency and apathy of railway officials. Government working today has become very very efficient and this i could know only when i worked in the railways.Yet the public perception is that they are inefficient, unintelligent and never offer help.

Yet one man's actions might change this perception to some extent. I am talking about railway announcer zhende whose actions at CST on the night of attack saved a lot of lives. Read this news article from ndtv.com

" The indiscriminate firing by terrorists at the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) in Mumbai took many lives. However, many other lives were saved because of one ordinary Mumbaikar who announces railway timetables for a living.

It was a usual evening shift for VD Zhende, making announcements of suburban train arrivals and departures from his small office room, overlooking the CST in south Mumbai when two terrorists entered near the main line and started firing at the passengers.

VD Zhende says, "I heard a loud explosion and then I saw public running. So, we started announcing for the government railway police (GRP) and the railway protection force (RPF)."

However, the police for some reason did not appear on time.

“Only when public started coming with blood all over, I realised that there was some gunfight happening. So I started announcing that all passengers go out from platform 1 and not go towards the main line, recalls Zhende.

Bullets were fired at them .The announcer and his colleague only hid from the gunfire after the platform was completely evacuated .

Co-worker Shekhar says, “They (terrorists) were standing right in front of us for half an hour. They had huge guns and grenades.”

When the terrorists reached the suburban line, a platform generally milling with people, was already evacuated.

The presence of mind of one man saved hundreds of lives on the evening of November 26."

Hope this sensitizes the people to the humane side of the government employees to some extent atleast.

Nuggets - Human mind :)

"Foolish and clever, mean and almost saintly, diversely unhappy- they are all dear to my heart; it seems to me that i do not properly understand them and my soul is filled with an inextinguishable interest in them. Many of them whom i knew are dead; i am afraid that except me there is no one who will tell their story as i would like to do and dare not; it will seem as though such men had never existed on earth at all....."

"The people i am most fond of are those who are not quite achieved; who are not very wise, a little mad, 'possessed'. The people of sound mind have little interest for me. The achieved man, the one perfect like an umbrella,does not appeal to me. I am called and doomed, you see, to describe - and what could i say of an umbrella but that it is of no worth on a sunny day?"

"A man, slightly possessed, is not only more agreeable to me; he is altogether more plausible, more in harmony, with the general tune of life, a phenomenon, unfathomed yet, and fantastic, which makes it at the same time so confoundedly interesting."

MAXIM GORKI "Two Stories"
The Dial, 1927, pp 197-98

An imagery of chess !!

Mikhail Tal - Mad Maverick
Piercing Gaze - Used to set the board on fire
Always felt " perplexed & stunned" while analyzing his masterpieces !!

The legendary Polgar sisters !!!
Now and then :)
I have only studied Judit Polgar's games.. the others are good but i never felt inspired by any lady GM's games ....... always felt unsure of the standards

A Chess Float at the Women's World Chp currently underway
Great idea !! Never even thought of it before !



The opening ceremony continues - so spectacular !!

The picture says it all !!
GM Wang Yue (China, 21 years) coming out of the tournament hall after hanging on to a draw in a lost position against legendary 87 year old Viktor Kortchnoi !!
Tournament - Rising Stars v/s Experienced event in amsterdam, 20-30 aug 2008

The last time i saw Wang Yue was in 2003 in Malaysia. He is a very energetic player and his mouth chewing a gum moves faster than his hand during time pressure. He is a product of the chinese dragon sports culture initiative which uses military like discipline to bring up players.



Would love to have such a chess set :) Saw one such set in a store opposite Petronas towers, Malaysia ... it was around 2000 ringitts which converts to around Rs. 25000



The real way to enjoy a game of chess
Be in one !!!